| 10921 | 10 June 2010 15:00 |
Date: Thu, 10 Jun 2010 14:00:26 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
TOC IRISH UNIVERSITY REVIEW VOL 40; NUMB 1; 2010 | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: TOC IRISH UNIVERSITY REVIEW VOL 40; NUMB 1; 2010 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: This is a very successful issue of IRISH UNIVERSITY REVIEW, which has the effect of increasing ones respect for Frank McGuinness - his work withstands and overcomes this intense academic scrutiny. P.O'S. IRISH UNIVERSITY REVIEW VOL 40; NUMB 1; 2010 ISSN 0021-1427 pp. x-xiv Celebrating with Frank McGuinness. Brannigan, J. pp. 1-17 An Irish Writer and Europe, 1999-2009. McGuinness, F. pp. 18-25 An Interview with Frank McGuinness. Roche, A. pp. 26-34 Letters from Frank: A Playwright Reflects on his Work. Lojek, H.H. pp. 35-45 Eggs De Valera: Reflections on Dolly West's Kitchen and Dancing at Lughnasa. Mason, P. pp. 46-58 Coming Out: McGuinness's Dramaturgy and Queer Resistance. Cregan, D. pp. 59-68 The Tyranny of Memory: Remembering the Great War in Frank McGuinness's Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme. Pine, E. pp. 69-80 Joyce, Yeats and The Bird Sanctuary. Murray, C. pp. 81-91 Advice to the Players (and the Historians): The Metatheatricality of McGuinness's Mutabilitie. Dean, J.F. pp. 92-100 Mutabilitie: In Search of Shakespeare. Grene, N. pp. 101-113 Brushing History Against the Grain: The Renaissance Plays of Frank McGuinness. Fogarty, A. pp. 114-125 Frank McGuinness's Dark Masque: Speaking Like Magpies. Mikami, H. pp. 126-137 In the Wings: The Poetry of Frank McGuinness. Harmon, M. pp. 138-153 Til Death Do Us Part: Communion, Alchemy, and Endings in the Work of Frank McGuinness. Jordan, E. pp. 154-165 The Frank McGuinness Archive, UCD Special Collections. Flanagan, E. | |
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| 10922 | 14 June 2010 15:30 |
Date: Mon, 14 Jun 2010 14:30:23 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Summer School, Creative Writing, Writing without borders | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: Summer School, Creative Writing, Writing without borders MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: Writing without borders Creative Writing Summer School 30th August-1st September 2010 WRITING WITHOUT BORDERS, the inaugural Creative Writing Summer School at the John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies, is a unique opportunity to work in a focussed way with some of Ireland's leading creative writers, covering all the main literary genres and exploring themes related to the notion of Irish writing within a wider, global context. Open to writers of all levels, Writing Without Borders follows on from the first artists' residency held at the John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies (2008/2009), in which poet Nessa O'Mahony curated a discussion about what it meant to be an Irish writer in a global context. This course will continue that discussion, bringing leading Irish writers Hugo Hamilton, Claire Keegan and Pat Boran together for master classes and readings which will explore that idea further. There will be daily creative writing workshops with Nessa O'Mahony, who will also coordinate the programme. Programme 30 Aug 11:00-13:00 Creative Writing workshop with Nessa O'Mahony, 15:00-17:00 Master Class with Pat Boran 31 Aug 11:00-13:00 Creative Writing workshop with Nessa O'Mahony 15:00-17:00 Master Class with Claire Keegan 1 Sept 11:00-13:00 Creative writing workshop with Nessa O'Mahony 15:00-17:00 Master Class with Hugo Hamilton 18:30 R eading with Pat Boran, Hugo H amilton and Nessa O'Mahony VENUE John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies, U CD, Belfield, Dublin 4. Fees The delegate fee is Eur250 (this will include all tuition and lunch each day) Interested? Contact Nessa O'Mahony Telephone +353 87 9309670 Email nessa.omahony[at]ucd.ie John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4. www.ucd.ie/johnhumeinstitute | |
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| 10923 | 15 June 2010 09:18 |
Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2010 08:18:14 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID: There has been much discussion of the Saville Report, over the past = week, in the Irish and in British media, and the Saville process has been noted throughout the world. The Saville Report will be published later today. Much of the comment seems to amount to position taking, before the = detail of the Saville Report is available. I give some samples, below. A web search will find many more. I have included at the end Joshua Rozenberg's comments on the legal background. =20 P.O'S. 'De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry The French leader glossed over his nation=92s shortcomings. But = sometimes cold examination of the truth is needed Charles de Gaulle would have been baffled and outraged by the Saville inquiry. Not by its findings, but that any country would go to such = lengths to explore a painful and complicated chapter from the past. This week a handful of surviving members of the French Resistance will = come to London to commemorate the 70th anniversary of de Gaulle=92s famous = radio address from London, in which he told the French people: =93The flame of French Resistance must not and will not be extinguished.=94... ...De Gaulle and Lord Saville of Newdigate represent diametrically = opposed attitudes to history: one sought to soften and simplify the past, the = other has worked to expose the truth, however ugly. The Saville inquiry into the fatal shooting of 13 protesters by British troops in Londonderry on =93Bloody Sunday=94 in January 1972, has been stupefyingly expensive (=A3191 million) and painfully protracted (12 = years). It is scandalous that a single senior counsel was paid =A34.5 million, = almost half the original estimated budget. The final report weighs in at a staggering 45lb and 5,000 pages, making it the most unpickupable = publication of the year. But there can be no doubting the nobility of the inquiry=92s purpose, = the thoroughness of Lord Saville=92s methods and his determination to dig as deeply as possible.' SOURCE http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/ben_macintyre/article= 715 0077.ece The Bloody Sunday inquiry: was it worth it? Lord Saville will tomorrow publish his report on the Bloody Sunday shootings. Paul Bew asks if its findings can do any good, 38 years after = the event. SOURCE http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/7825835/The-Bloody= -Su nday-inquiry-was-it-worth-it.html This Bloody Sunday verdict is a milestone in Northern Ireland's path to peace Roy Foster Bloody Sunday changed everything. Past evasions and shoddiness make the Saville inquiry's verdict essential to reconciliation =20 The Guardian 'I feel like that guy in Don DeLillo's Libra," remarked a historian = friend when faced with the deliberations of the Saville inquiry, which reports today. He was thinking of the character who is fated to sift through = every piece of evidence and testimony about the Kennedy assassination, = resulting in the collapse of all meaning through information overload. The = parallel is a good one: both investigations concern violent events which at a stroke changed everything. But the difference is that in the 38 years since 30 January 1972, the conspiracy theories about Bloody Sunday in Derry, = unlike those revolving around the grassy knoll at Dallas, seem more plausible = than ever. This has much to do with the evasions, condescension and shoddiness of = the 1972 Widgery report, whose attempt to defuse the aftermath of the = killings damaged the credibility of the British government in Ireland as much as = the actions of the Paras did. Its sketchy and contradictory approach to evidence, and the heavily biased way it presented the victims, have = since been forensically demonstrated; the idea of a cover-up at the time was amplified by the suppression of the Sunday Times Insight team's report. = The immediate circumstances of reconciliation politics in 1998, and Blair's inclination towards touchy-feely gestures, may have precipitated the decision to mount a large-scale inquiry, but the blatant inadequacies of Widgery meant it had to happen some time... SOURCE http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jun/15/saville-inquiry-marks= -mi lestone-to-peace Lord Saville's Bloody Sunday report is a failure of the judicial process The second inquiry into the events in Derry on 30 January, 1972, is over-long and grossly over-due Joshua Rozenberg guardian.co.uk, Thursday 3 June 2010=20 ...Never again will we see a judicial inquiry that has lasted so long or cost so much. Nor can we expect any truly independent judicial inquiries = in future. Five years ago, parliament passed legislation that gives a government minister power to change a judicial inquiry's terms of = reference. If it acts outside those terms, the minister may sack the judge or cut = off his funding. The Inquiries Act 2005 also allows ministers to ban = publication of evidence and restrict media attendance at the inquiry to save money. = If all else fails, the minister may bring the inquiry to a premature end. Other killings in Northern Ireland provided the impetus for the 2005 legislation. But it is hard to escape the conclusion that ministers = thought the Bloody Sunday inquiry was running out of control. Any judge asked to conduct an inquiry in future =96 such as the one William Hague has = promised into torture allegations =96 should study the reaction to Saville's = report this month before deciding whether to give up the day job... http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2010/jun/03/lord-saville-bloody-sunday-inqu= iry | |
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| 10924 | 15 June 2010 09:22 |
Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2010 08:22:29 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
CFP World Shakespeare Congress, Prague, | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: CFP World Shakespeare Congress, Prague, 2011 - Shakespeare's Ireland, Ireland's Shakespeare MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID: Call for papers: =A0 SEMINAR: Shakespeare=92s Ireland, Ireland=92s Shakespeare=20 =A0 World Shakespeare Congress, 17th - 22nd 2011, Prague =A0 Rui Carvalho Homem (Universidade do Porto, Portugal) Clare Wallace (Charles University Prague, Czech Republic) =A0 Abstract: This seminar will explore the mutual consequence suggested by the = chiasmus in its title. It responds to a growing critical interest in textual relations involving =91Elizabeth=92s other isle=92 (Highley 1997) and = the work of Shakespeare and other Early Modern authors. It aims to extend this = recent interest by welcoming papers both on representations of Ireland and the Irish in Elizabethan and Jacobean texts, and on the afterlife that the writing of Shakespeare and his contemporaries has encountered in = Ireland. Critical designs that bear on Shakespeare=92s Ireland and Ireland=92s Shakespeare have often invoked the discourses that are proper to = comparative literature, studies of intertextuality, canon-formation, and postcoloniality. The resulting insights emphasise the tensions between a centre of power and a territory whose closeness has enhanced rather than hindered its validity as a defining other. The seminar will therefore welcome papers that highlight how productive Shakespeare=92s work (the = =91centre of the canon=92 =96 Bloom 1994) can prove for the study of historical = dynamics that have shaped the cultural and political traditions of Britain and Ireland. Further, the analogies provided by postcolonial and subaltern studies allow for the dynamics that characterise Shakespeare and Ireland = to be brought to bear upon relations involving other cultures. =A0 Potential participants should send a proposal of 500 words before 30th September to: =A0 Prof Rui Carvalho Homem: rchomem[at]netcabo.pt Dr Clare Wallace: wallace[at]ff.cuni.cz =A0 You may also register directly by contacting Dr Nick Walton ISA[at]shakespeare.org.uk =A0 International Shakespeare Association: http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/content/view/442/446 =A0 | |
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| 10925 | 15 June 2010 09:25 |
Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2010 08:25:03 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
TOC Irish Educational Studies, Volume 29 Issue 2 | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: TOC Irish Educational Studies, Volume 29 Issue 2 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: Irish Educational Studies: Volume 29 Issue 2 is now available online at informaworld (http://www.informaworld.com). This new issue contains the following articles: Editorials Editorial, Pages 103 - 106 Authors: Paul Conway; Dympna Devine; Emer Smyth; Aisling Leavy Original Articles Which are the 'best' feeder schools in Ireland? Analysing school performance using student third level destination data, Pages 107 - 130 Authors: Vani K. Borooah; Donal Dineen; Nicola Lynch Students' experiences of aggressive behaviour and bully/victim problems in Irish schools, Pages 131 - 152 Author: Stephen James Minton Too cool for school? Musicians as partners in education, Pages 153 - 166 Author: Ailbhe Kenny Professional identity in early childhood care and education: perspectives of pre-school and infant teachers, Pages 167 - 187 Author: Mary Moloney The silent politics of educational disadvantage and the National Anti-poverty Strategy, Pages 189 - 199 Author: Roland Tormey Book reviews BOOK REVIEWS, Pages 201 - 206 Authors: Sarah C. E. Riley; Karl Kitching | |
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| 10926 | 15 June 2010 09:33 |
Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2010 08:33:22 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Article, | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: Article, Ethnic minority populations and child psychiatry services: An Irish study MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: Note that this article has not yet been assigned a place in the paper version of the journal. This article will interest a number of Ir-D members, I think. In a comparative context I find it quite disturbing. There are the usual mentions of 'ethnic sensitivity', but no acknowledgement at all of the huge literature outside Ireland on the ways in which people from specific communities - especially black boys and men - come to the attention of psychiatric services. P.O'S. Children and Youth Services Review Copyright C 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved Ethnic minority populations and child psychiatry services: An Irish study In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 April 2010 Norbert Skokauskas, Maria Dunne, Alan Gallogly, Ciaran Clark Abstract Background Ethnically, Ireland has diversified greatly over the last twelve years changing from a country of emigration to one of immigration. Blanchardstown, a western suburb of Dublin, is one of the most ethnically diverse areas, with the youngest population in Ireland. Aims and methods This study aimed to examine any differences in referrals, clinical diagnoses and administrative outcomes of immigrants and Irish children referred to Blanchardstown Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) over the period of one calendar year. Results Blanchardstown CAMHS received 202 referrals in 2007. There were 132 (65.5%) Irish and 65 (32.2%) immigrant children referred to the service. Nigerians accounted for more than a half of all immigrant children. Family doctors referred the majority of Irish children (58.4%; 77); non-Irish children were referred mainly by teachers (51%; 33) (p 0.05); more immigrant children, however, dropped out following an initial appointment (16.1% vs. 2.4% p < 0.05). More non-Irish than Irish children were diagnosed with Axis-1 diagnosis (66.7% vs. 53.4%; p < 0.05). The two most common Axis-1 diagnoses among both non-Irish and Irish children were Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Pervasive developmental disorders. Conclusions Immigrant children accounted for a substantial minority of children referred to Blanchardstown CAMHS. The psychiatric problems of immigrant children most often came to light through schools. More non-Irish children compare with Irish had an Axis-1 disorder. Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Aims 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusions References | |
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| 10927 | 16 June 2010 09:17 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 08:17:17 -0500
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Re: A 38-year wait for the truth | |
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From: "Miller, Kerby A." Subject: Re: A 38-year wait for the truth In-Reply-To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable MIME-Version: 1.0 Message-ID: Yes, and it will be 100+ years before our grandchildren learn the truth abo= ut the Dublin/Monaghan bombings of 1974 or the Dublin bomb of 1972. Kerby On 6/16/10 2:33 AM, "Patrick O'Sullivan" wrote= : From: Carmel McCaffrey Subject: Re: [IR-D] De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry Why am I not surprised at the posturing and back slapping of the British media on this issue? De Gaulle would have hated the inquiry? Heck, the British avoided a real inquiry until they were pushed into it in the 1990s. The British authorities delayed the granting of justice for 38 years but now the Times is gloating at the imminent release of the results? And the victims were "protesters"? How about unarmed, peaceful civil rights marchers, that is more accurate. And the reality is that the victims' families had to go through hell and hight water to demand that justice be done. The Irish media have also something to say - and it is frequently less "complimentary" than the back slapping going on in the London Times and the Guardian. Here an article in the Irish Times by Eamonn McCann, a Derry based journalist. Carmel Quote: /A number of things made the events in Derry different. This wasn't an atrocity perpetrated on one community by people purporting to represent the other. It could not be fitted into the preferred narrative of official British thinking. The killers had been uniformed to represent the state. The affront was compounded by the fact that the state at the highest level had then proclaimed that the killings were neither wrong nor illegal./ /In every other comparable atrocity, the victims were acknowledged as having been wrongly done to death and the perpetrators damned as wrongdoers. But the Bloody Sunday families were told, in effect, that while they might personally, reasonably, lament the loss of a loved one, they had no wider ground for grievance or legitimate expectation of the killers being brought to account./ /All the dead were thus diminished. Liam Wray, brother of Jim Wray, 22, shot in the back at point-blank range as he lay wounded in Glenfada Park, commented: "It said that my brother was less than fully human."/ /Bloody Sunday was different, too, in that it was to prove a significant plot point in the narrative of the Northern Troubles. Communal heartache in the wake of mass killings has tended generally to dissipate over time, the happiness of those left behind likely shattered forever but public life not discernibly changed./ /In contrast, Bloody Sunday catapulted working-class Catholic communities across the North outside all notions of constitutionality, removing from the Stormont parliament whatever legitimacy it had retained among Catholics. The parliament, which had governed the North since partition, was abolished eight weeks after Bloody Sunday, three weeks before publication of Widgery's findings. No other major change has stemmed so directly from a single incident./ Full article: http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0612/1224272334779.html On 6/15/2010 3:18 AM, Patrick O'Sullivan wrote: > There has been much discussion of the Saville Report, over the past week, in > the Irish and in British media, and the Saville process has been noted > throughout the world. > > The Saville Report will be published later today. > > Much of the comment seems to amount to position taking, before the detail of > the Saville Report is available. > > I give some samples, below. A web search will find many more. > > I have included at the end Joshua Rozenberg's comments on the legal > background. > > P.O'S. > > 'De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry > The French leader glossed over his nation's shortcomings. But sometimes cold > examination of the truth is needed > > Charles de Gaulle would have been baffled and outraged by the Saville > inquiry. Not by its findings, but that any country would go to such lengths > to explore a painful and complicated chapter from the past. > > > | |
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| 10928 | 16 June 2010 09:33 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 08:33:33 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
A 38-year wait for the truth | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: A 38-year wait for the truth MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: From: Carmel McCaffrey Subject: Re: [IR-D] De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry Why am I not surprised at the posturing and back slapping of the British media on this issue? De Gaulle would have hated the inquiry? Heck, the British avoided a real inquiry until they were pushed into it in the 1990s. The British authorities delayed the granting of justice for 38 years but now the Times is gloating at the imminent release of the results? And the victims were "protesters"? How about unarmed, peaceful civil rights marchers, that is more accurate. And the reality is that the victims' families had to go through hell and hight water to demand that justice be done. The Irish media have also something to say - and it is frequently less "complimentary" than the back slapping going on in the London Times and the Guardian. Here an article in the Irish Times by Eamonn McCann, a Derry based journalist. Carmel Quote: /A number of things made the events in Derry different. This wasn't an atrocity perpetrated on one community by people purporting to represent the other. It could not be fitted into the preferred narrative of official British thinking. The killers had been uniformed to represent the state. The affront was compounded by the fact that the state at the highest level had then proclaimed that the killings were neither wrong nor illegal./ /In every other comparable atrocity, the victims were acknowledged as having been wrongly done to death and the perpetrators damned as wrongdoers. But the Bloody Sunday families were told, in effect, that while they might personally, reasonably, lament the loss of a loved one, they had no wider ground for grievance or legitimate expectation of the killers being brought to account./ /All the dead were thus diminished. Liam Wray, brother of Jim Wray, 22, shot in the back at point-blank range as he lay wounded in Glenfada Park, commented: "It said that my brother was less than fully human."/ /Bloody Sunday was different, too, in that it was to prove a significant plot point in the narrative of the Northern Troubles. Communal heartache in the wake of mass killings has tended generally to dissipate over time, the happiness of those left behind likely shattered forever but public life not discernibly changed./ /In contrast, Bloody Sunday catapulted working-class Catholic communities across the North outside all notions of constitutionality, removing from the Stormont parliament whatever legitimacy it had retained among Catholics. The parliament, which had governed the North since partition, was abolished eight weeks after Bloody Sunday, three weeks before publication of Widgery's findings. No other major change has stemmed so directly from a single incident./ Full article: http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0612/1224272334779.html On 6/15/2010 3:18 AM, Patrick O'Sullivan wrote: > There has been much discussion of the Saville Report, over the past week, in > the Irish and in British media, and the Saville process has been noted > throughout the world. > > The Saville Report will be published later today. > > Much of the comment seems to amount to position taking, before the detail of > the Saville Report is available. > > I give some samples, below. A web search will find many more. > > I have included at the end Joshua Rozenberg's comments on the legal > background. > > P.O'S. > > 'De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry > The French leader glossed over his nation's shortcomings. But sometimes cold > examination of the truth is needed > > Charles de Gaulle would have been baffled and outraged by the Saville > inquiry. Not by its findings, but that any country would go to such lengths > to explore a painful and complicated chapter from the past. > > > | |
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| 10929 | 16 June 2010 09:41 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 08:41:39 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Seminar Liverpool: Migrant Workers' Rights in the Global Economy, | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: Seminar Liverpool: Migrant Workers' Rights in the Global Economy, September 2nd 2010 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: The following has been brought to our attention... Migrant Workers' Rights in the Global Economy ESRC Seminar Thursday September 2nd 2010 International Slavery Museum, Liverpool, UK This one-day seminar, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, is the second in the Middlesex University series examining emerging issues of global labour regulation. The seminar will be held at the International Slavery Museum http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/ in Liverpool's dockside on Thursday September 2nd 2010 from 10am until 5.30pm. Migration is an integral part of an increasingly internationalised economy. Around 3 per cent of the world's population, just less than 200 million people, now live and work outside of their own country. This number has been growing at just less than 3 per cent in each year. The increased tendency for people to migrate to work and live has been spurred by changes in the world economy and the effects of structural economic change, or through war and civil upheaval, or environmental damage. Trade liberalisation and market de-regulation has also increased the propensity to migrate, as new geographical patterns of production have emerged. Yet labour migration is not a central concern of international agencies such as the WTO, the IMF or the World Bank. Migrant workers and their families are vulnerable to exploitation and racism, and labour market imbalances can result from migration in both sending and receiving countries. The purpose of this seminar is to examine migration from a rights -based perspective. We hope to explore aspects of civil, human and social rights of migrant workers as well as labour and economic rights. Migrant labour is thus viewed from within perspectives of forced, slave and child labour as well as economic labour. As such the seminar welcome the participation of those academics, practitioners and migrant worker activists who wish to develop new agendas for regulating migrant labour through a variety of agency and policy initiatives. The seminar will be divided into two sessions. The first, thematic session, will examine alternative perspectives on migrant workers' rights. The second session will present case studies from different world regions. Speakers/Participants will include: Marion Hellmann (Assistant General Secretary, Building and Wood Workers International, Geneva) - overview of migrant workers in the world economy Professor Joshua Castellino (Law Department, Middlesex University) - A Rights Based Approach to Migration Svetlana Boincean (International Union of Food, Farm and Hotel Workers ) -on eliminating Child Labour in agriculture and tobacco growing Heather Connolly and Professor Miguel Martinez Lucio (Manchester University)- Welfare Systems, Social Inclusion and Migrant Worker-Union Relations in the EU Steve Craig (UCATT building workers' union, UK) - Vulnerable Work and Migration in the UK construction industry Nick McGeehan (director of Mafiwasta www.mafiwasta.com , an organisation for migrant workers in the Gulf). and case study representations from migrant worker activists in Ireland, the Gulf Region, Italy, and India. If you are interested in participating in the seminar please register your interest with Denise Arden at d.arden[at]mdx.ac.uk Lunch and refreshments are provided and the seminar is free to attend, but registration in advance is necessary. More information can be obtained from the seminar organisers, Professor Martin Upchurch m.upchurch[at]mdx.ac.uk and Professor Miguel Martinez Lucio Miguel.MartinezLucio[at]mbs.ac.uk | |
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| 10930 | 16 June 2010 10:16 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 09:16:10 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Book Notice, Out of the Earth: Ecocritical Readings of Irish Texts | |
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From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: Book Notice, Out of the Earth: Ecocritical Readings of Irish Texts MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID: The Irish Diaspora list circulated the original Call for Papers in 2005. Our sincere congratulations to Christine Cusick, Seton Hill University, = USA, on seeing this project through to happy conclusion. This project represents a purposeful effort to connect Irish Studies to = the too often American dominated field of ecocriticism. I am told... P.O'S. -----Original Message----- =20 Cork University Press =20 Cork University Press Youngline Industrial Estate Pouladuff Road Togher, Cork=20 IRELAND =09 Out of the Earth: Ecocritical Readings of Irish Texts edited by = Christine Cusick Within the current climate of both literary and environmental studies = =93Out of the Earth=94: Ecocritical Readings of Irish Texts is an = unprecedented integration of Irish Studies and Ecocriticism that is both timely and necessary. The essays offer ecocritical readings of Irish literary and cultural texts of various genres, including fiction, poetry, creative nonfiction, drama and the visual image. Long before there was a theoretical movement that gave a name to and vocabulary for literary readings of nature, scholars of Irish literature have understood the importance of the natural world to an Irish cultural sensibility. An emphasis on place not only pervades Irish writing of = the twentieth century but also is in fact rooted in ancient traditions of = Celtic mythology and place-lore. While critical assessments of Irish place = writing are numerous, few of them address such representations of the natural = world as politically and culturally informed and scripted texts. Even fewer = of them address the ecological implications embedded in these ways of = knowing place. This project explores the natural world as a record of and participant in the experiences of a vibrant and changing Ireland.=20 This study is thus aimed toward a readership within multiple disciplines whose specific research agenda is to examine what cultural = representations of nonhuman nature reveal about how humans care for and dwell in place.=20 Contents Introduction: John Elder=20 Wings beating on stone: Richard Murphy=92s ecology - Eamonn Wall Dark outlines, grey stone: nature, home and the foreign in Lady = Morgan=92s The Wild Irish Girl and William Carleton=92s The Black Prophet -Jefferson Holdridge=20 =91Sympathy between man and nature=92: landscape and loss in Synge=92s = Riders to the Sea-Joy Kennedy - O=92Neill =91Nothing can happen nowhere=92: Elizabeth Bowen=92s figures in = landscape - Joanna Tapp Pierce George Moore=92s landscapes of return - Greg Winston Ireland of the welcomes: colonialism, tourism and the Irish landscape = -E=F3in Flannery Between country and city: Paula Meehan=92s ecofeminist poetics - Kathryn Kirkpatrick =91Love poems, elegies: I am losing my place=92: Michael Longley=92s = environmental elegies - Donna Potts =91Becoming animal=92 in the novels of Edna O=92Brien - Maureen = O=92Connor Reading the landscape for clues: environment in Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha - Miriam O=92Kane Mara Collaborative ecology in Martin McDonagh=92s The Cripple of Inishmaan - = Karen O=92Brien Conclusion: Mindful paths: an interview with Tim Robinson - Christine = Cusick Hardback: June 3 2010 Printed Pages:=20 Size: 234 x 156mm ISBN: 9781859184547 Christine Cusick is in the Division of Humanities, Seton Hill = University, USA. Further details at: http://www.corkuniversitypress.com/Out_of_the_Earth:_Ecocritical_Readings= _of _Irish_Texts/318/ Please the promotional code: news to get a 20% discount of this book Regards Mike Mike Collins Publications Director Cork University Press | |
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| 10931 | 16 June 2010 10:28 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 09:28:18 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
major change | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: major change MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: From: Dymphna Lonergan To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List Subject: Re: [IR-D] A 38-year wait for the truth /No other major change=20 has stemmed so directly from a single incident./=20 Not least emigration; although I lived in the trouble-free South, Bloody = Sunday was a catalyst for my emigration to Australia in October 1972-not = the only one, but a major one. Dymphna Lonergan > From: Carmel McCaffrey ....Here an article in the Irish Times by Eamonn McCann, a=20 > Derry based journalist. > > /In contrast, Bloody Sunday catapulted working-class Catholic=20 > communities across the North outside all notions of constitutionality,=20 > removing from the Stormont parliament whatever legitimacy it had=20 > retained among Catholics. The parliament, which had governed the North=20 > since partition, was abolished eight weeks after Bloody Sunday, three=20 > weeks before publication of Widgery's findings. No other major change=20 > has stemmed so directly from a single incident./ > > > Full article: > http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0612/1224272334779.html | |
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| 10932 | 16 June 2010 10:37 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 09:37:28 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Report of the The Bloody Sunday Inquiry (The Saville Report) | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: Report of the The Bloody Sunday Inquiry (The Saville Report) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: The Report of the The Bloody Sunday Inquiry Is now online at http://www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/ The Rt Hon Lord Saville of Newdigate (Chairman) The Hon Mr William L. Hoyt The Hon Mr John L. Toohey "... it is expedient that a Tribunal be established for inquiring into a definite matter of urgent public importance, namely the events on Sunday 30th January 1972 which led to loss of life in connection with the procession in Londonderry on that day, taking account of any new information relevant to events on that day" Resolution of the House of Commons, 30th January 1998, and of the House of Lords, 2nd February 1998 There are links to Read the Report Read the Principal Conclusions Search the Evidence P.O'S. -- Patrick O'Sullivan Head of the Irish Diaspora Research Unit Email Patrick O'Sullivan Email Patrick O'Sullivan Personal Fax 0044 (0) 709 236 9050 Irish Diaspora Net http://www.irishdiaspora.net Irish Diaspora list IR-D[at]Jiscmail.ac.uk Irish Diaspora Research Unit Department of Social Sciences and Humanities University of Bradford Bradford BD7 1DP Yorkshire England | |
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| 10933 | 16 June 2010 11:24 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 10:24:28 -0700
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Re: Irish bodies | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Sean Williams Subject: Re: Irish bodies In-Reply-To: Mime-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit Message-ID: Yes to all of the above, especially "walking" on that slippery slope. What I've noticed, though, is that sometimes people can do a kind of reverse judgment about how Irish people walk, based on how they don't walk. I was recently in Donegal and heard, over and over, about how the Germans walk when they come to Donegal to go hiking. "They march around with their sticks like they own the place." The implication is that Irish people DON'T march around with sticks like they own the place. I've also heard that Americans tend to wander along in a cowboy-like slouch. It could have to do with purpose (or lack thereof). Sean Williams On 6/16/10 8:48 AM, "Thomas J. Archdeacon" wrote: > This is anecdotal if not completely idiosyncratic. When I was a child in > the 1950s, my family occasionally commented on my habit of walking with my > hands in my pockets and with my head slightly bent forward. For the most > part, I was being corrected for having poor posture. There were, however, > other remarks about walking like an old Irishman. These, of course, came > from a group of West of Ireland people who were not more than middle-aged at > the time. In my perverse way, I took it as a compliment and wondered why I > needed to break myself of such a worthy habit. > > The memory of the above story immediately came to mind when I read BW's > email to the list. I agree with Carmel's warning about thin ice, slippery > slope, stereotyping, etc. On the other hand, a person's appearance and even > his or her gait can sometimes give clues to his or her background. A > perhaps better example comes from another personal story -- this one about > my uncle, who had been in the US for perhaps a year, seizing and throwing > away the tweed, working-man's cap of his more recently arrived cousin on the > grounds that it made him look like a greenhorn. > > Fun stuff if Bronwen can pull it off, but risky too. > > Tom > > > > -----Original Message----- > From: The Irish Diaspora Studies List [mailto:IR-D[at]JISCMAIL.AC.UK] On Behalf > Of Carmel McCaffrey > Sent: Wednesday, June 16, 2010 10:59 AM > To: IR-D[at]JISCMAIL.AC.UK > Subject: Re: [IR-D] Irish bodies > > Not sure what you are comparing "Irish" with "visually" - what standard > do you consider to be the norm against which you are making your > comparisons? Why don't you consult nineteenth century images? We were > usually depicted as apes and monkeys then. Frankly, I think you are on > thin ice on this one. > > Carmel > > On 6/16/2010 6:57 AM, Patrick O'Sullivan wrote: >> Thread-Topic: Irish bodies >> From: "Walter, Bronwen" >> To: >> >> Dear All >> =20 >> I am just completing an article about the taken-for-grantedness of Irish >> people in English films, and thinking about ways in which they may be >> recognised visually. In addition to hair and eye colour I want to say >> something about distinctive ways of walking. I remember talking to Irish = >> men >> in Luton in the 1970s who told me they could always identify men from = >> the >> West of Ireland by the way they walked. Does anyone have any more = >> detailed >> observations about this? >> =20 >> Thanks very much >> =20 >> Bronwen Walter >> = >> >> . >> >> | |
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| 10934 | 16 June 2010 11:54 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 10:54:10 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Article, | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: Article, Rangatiratanga and Oritetanga: responses to the Treaty of Waitangi in a New Zealand study MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: On the theme of 'ethnic sensitivity'... I thought that this study from New Zealand of great interest. Rangatiratanga and Oritetanga: responses to the Treaty of Waitangi in a New Zealand study Authors: Emma H. Wyetha; Sarah Derrettb; Brendan Hokowhituc; Craig Hallc; John Langleyb Affiliations: a Te Roop Rangahau Hauora Mori a Ngi Tahu (Ngi Tahu Mori Health Research Unit), Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand b Injury Prevention Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand c Te Tumu - School of Mori, Pacific and Indigenous Studies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Published in: Ethnicity & Health, Volume 15, Issue 3 June 2010 , pages 303 - 316 First Published on: 10 May 2010 Abstract Introduction. Although opportunities exist for positive experiences in research, Maori in New Zealand, like other indigenous people colonised by Europeans in the nineteenth century, have also been subject to research and associated policies that have had long-lasting negative consequences. Researchers have subsequently been challenged by Maori to conduct research that is acceptable, accountable and relevant. Much of this debate has taken place within the framework of the Treaty of Waitangi, a treaty of cession signed between Mori and British Crown representatives in 1840. Nowadays, health and health research statutes exist that require researchers to respond to the 'principles' of the Treaty. Few practical examples of how health researchers have undertaken this have been published. Aims. We examine how, in developing a national study of injury outcomes, we responded to the Treaty. Our study, the Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study, aims to quantitatively identify predictors of disability following injury and to qualitatively explore experiences and perceptions of injury outcomes. Discussion. Responses to the Treaty included: consultation with Maori groups, translation of the questionnaire into te reo Maori, appointment of interviewers fluent in te reo Maori, sufficient numbers of Maori participants to allow Maori-specific analyses and the inclusion of a Maori-specific qualitative component. While this article is located within the New Zealand context, we believe it will resonate with, and be of relevance to, health researchers in other former settler societies. We do not contend this project represents an 'ideal' model for undertaking population-based research. Instead, we hope that by describing our efforts at responding to the Treaty, we can prompt wider debate of the complex realities of the research environment, one which is scientifically, ethically and culturally located. Keywords: indigenous; Maori; policy; bicultural; power; injury | |
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| 10935 | 16 June 2010 11:59 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 10:59:09 -0400
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Re: Irish bodies | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Carmel McCaffrey Subject: Re: Irish bodies In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: Not sure what you are comparing "Irish" with "visually" - what standard do you consider to be the norm against which you are making your comparisons? Why don't you consult nineteenth century images? We were usually depicted as apes and monkeys then. Frankly, I think you are on thin ice on this one. Carmel On 6/16/2010 6:57 AM, Patrick O'Sullivan wrote: > Thread-Topic: Irish bodies > From: "Walter, Bronwen" > To: > > Dear All > =20 > I am just completing an article about the taken-for-grantedness of Irish > people in English films, and thinking about ways in which they may be > recognised visually. In addition to hair and eye colour I want to say > something about distinctive ways of walking. I remember talking to Irish = > men > in Luton in the 1970s who told me they could always identify men from = > the > West of Ireland by the way they walked. Does anyone have any more = > detailed > observations about this? > =20 > Thanks very much > =20 > Bronwen Walter > = > > . > > | |
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| 10936 | 16 June 2010 12:27 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 11:27:29 -0400
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Re: A 38-year wait for the truth | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Carmel McCaffrey Subject: Re: A 38-year wait for the truth In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: Yes, the Oireachtas Committee on Justice made it clear that questions had to be answered about British army collusion in these bombings and asked the British Government - in 2008 - to investigate the Dublin/Monaghan bombings but I'm not holding my breath on that one. In fact, I suspect Cameron's mea cupla on behalf of the UK government is a way of attempting to draw a line under British army atrocities - they really don't want this going any further. Carmel On 6/16/2010 9:17 AM, Miller, Kerby A. wrote: > > Yes, and it will be 100+ years before our grandchildren learn the truth about the Dublin/Monaghan bombings of 1974 or the Dublin bomb of 1972. > Kerby > > > On 6/16/10 2:33 AM, "Patrick O'Sullivan" wrote: > > From: Carmel McCaffrey > Subject: Re: [IR-D] De Gaulle would have hated the Saville inquiry > > Why am I not surprised at the posturing and back slapping of the > British media on this issue? De Gaulle would have hated the inquiry? Heck, > the British avoided a real inquiry until they were pushed into it in the > 1990s. The British authorities delayed the granting of justice for 38 > years but now the Times is gloating at the imminent release of the > results? And the victims were "protesters"? How about unarmed, > peaceful civil rights marchers, that is more accurate. And the reality > is that the victims' families had to go through hell and hight water to > demand that justice be done. > > The Irish media have also something to say - and it is frequently less > "complimentary" than the back slapping going on in the London Times and > the Guardian. Here an article in the Irish Times by Eamonn McCann, a > Derry based journalist. > > Carmel > > > | |
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| 10937 | 16 June 2010 12:48 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 11:48:17 -0400
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Re: Irish bodies | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: "Thomas J. Archdeacon" Subject: Re: Irish bodies In-Reply-To: MIME-version: 1.0 Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Content-type: text/plain; CHARSET=US-ASCII Message-ID: This is anecdotal if not completely idiosyncratic. When I was a child in the 1950s, my family occasionally commented on my habit of walking with my hands in my pockets and with my head slightly bent forward. For the most part, I was being corrected for having poor posture. There were, however, other remarks about walking like an old Irishman. These, of course, came from a group of West of Ireland people who were not more than middle-aged at the time. In my perverse way, I took it as a compliment and wondered why I needed to break myself of such a worthy habit. The memory of the above story immediately came to mind when I read BW's email to the list. I agree with Carmel's warning about thin ice, slippery slope, stereotyping, etc. On the other hand, a person's appearance and even his or her gait can sometimes give clues to his or her background. A perhaps better example comes from another personal story -- this one about my uncle, who had been in the US for perhaps a year, seizing and throwing away the tweed, working-man's cap of his more recently arrived cousin on the grounds that it made him look like a greenhorn. Fun stuff if Bronwen can pull it off, but risky too. Tom -----Original Message----- From: The Irish Diaspora Studies List [mailto:IR-D[at]JISCMAIL.AC.UK] On Behalf Of Carmel McCaffrey Sent: Wednesday, June 16, 2010 10:59 AM To: IR-D[at]JISCMAIL.AC.UK Subject: Re: [IR-D] Irish bodies Not sure what you are comparing "Irish" with "visually" - what standard do you consider to be the norm against which you are making your comparisons? Why don't you consult nineteenth century images? We were usually depicted as apes and monkeys then. Frankly, I think you are on thin ice on this one. Carmel On 6/16/2010 6:57 AM, Patrick O'Sullivan wrote: > Thread-Topic: Irish bodies > From: "Walter, Bronwen" > To: > > Dear All > =20 > I am just completing an article about the taken-for-grantedness of Irish > people in English films, and thinking about ways in which they may be > recognised visually. In addition to hair and eye colour I want to say > something about distinctive ways of walking. I remember talking to Irish = > men > in Luton in the 1970s who told me they could always identify men from = > the > West of Ireland by the way they walked. Does anyone have any more = > detailed > observations about this? > =20 > Thanks very much > =20 > Bronwen Walter > = > > . > > | |
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| 10938 | 16 June 2010 12:56 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 11:56:21 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
1901 Census of Ireland goes online | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: 1901 Census of Ireland goes online MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: From: "Murray, Edmundo" To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 12:09:56 +0200 Subject: Re: [IR-D] 1901 Census of Ireland goes online This is indeed a great tool. Return migration is one of the important field= s that can be explored/tested, although the list in "County/Country of Orig= in" looks rather weird including countries like "America, ... Austria, Belg= ium, Bulgaria, ... China, ... Greece, Hungary, India, ... Russia, Switzerla= nd (indeed with dozens of Swiss residents in N. Ireland)" and excluding "Bu= enos Ayres", "South Africa" and others. It wouldn't be difficult to include= these major destinations (if they were transcribed). Edmundo Murray On 6/5/10 7:10 PM, "Morgan, Tony" wrote: Congratulations are due to the people who produced this. It is a profession= al and user-friendly work which will help many. Tony Morgan ________________________________ From: The Irish Diaspora Studies List on behalf of Patrick O'Sullivan Sent: Fri 6/4/2010 3:45 PM To: IR-D[at]JISCMAIL.AC.UK Subject: [IR-D] 1901 Census of Ireland goes online 1901 Census of Ireland goes online June 03 2010 Minister for Tourism, Culture and Sport, Mary Hanafin, today launched the website containing the full 1901 Census of Ireland Records at the National Archives in Bishop Street, Dublin. The 1901 Census of Ireland Records contains over 4.5 million individual records from the returns made by some 850,000 households on census night in 1901 are now available free of charge for everyone across the world to access. The 1901 Census of Ireland details are available at www.census.nationalarchives.ie | |
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| 10939 | 16 June 2010 12:57 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 11:57:49 +0100
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Irish bodies | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Patrick O'Sullivan Subject: Irish bodies MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID: Thread-Topic: Irish bodies From: "Walter, Bronwen" To: Dear All =20 I am just completing an article about the taken-for-grantedness of Irish people in English films, and thinking about ways in which they may be recognised visually. In addition to hair and eye colour I want to say something about distinctive ways of walking. I remember talking to Irish = men in Luton in the 1970s who told me they could always identify men from = the West of Ireland by the way they walked. Does anyone have any more = detailed observations about this? =20 Thanks very much =20 Bronwen Walter = | |
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| 10940 | 16 June 2010 14:11 |
Date: Wed, 16 Jun 2010 13:11:57 -0230
Reply-To: The Irish Diaspora Studies List | |
Re: Irish bodies | |
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Sender: The Irish Diaspora Studies List
From: Peter Hart Subject: Re: Irish bodies In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Message-ID: For what it's worth, I never noticed an Irish walk as such, but I think I and others were sometimes identifed as North Americans by the way I /we walked. I am specifically recalling being in Derry with another Newfoundlander, hearing giggling behind us, turning around and seeing two little boys behind us mimicing the way we walked. Pretty funny - I can't quite recall how they looked but I got the vague impression we looked sort of cowboyish somehow. Again, for what it's worth. Peter Hart Quoting Carmel McCaffrey : > Not sure what you are comparing "Irish" with "visually" - what standard > do you consider to be the norm against which you are making your > comparisons? Why don't you consult nineteenth century images? We were > usually depicted as apes and monkeys then. Frankly, I think you are on > thin ice on this one. > > Carmel > > On 6/16/2010 6:57 AM, Patrick O'Sullivan wrote: > > Thread-Topic: Irish bodies > > From: "Walter, Bronwen" > > To: > > > > Dear All > > =20 > > I am just completing an article about the taken-for-grantedness of Irish > > people in English films, and thinking about ways in which they may be > > recognised visually. In addition to hair and eye colour I want to say > > something about distinctive ways of walking. I remember talking to Irish = > > men > > in Luton in the 1970s who told me they could always identify men from = > > the > > West of Ireland by the way they walked. Does anyone have any more = > > detailed > > observations about this? > > =20 > > Thanks very much > > =20 > > Bronwen Walter > > = > > > > . > > > > > | |
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